DOJ vs. Affirmative Action

The DOJ intends to direct its Civil Rights Division’s resources to investigate affirmative action policies, specifically what effects those policies have on white applicants. The DOJ may sue universities it believes are discriminating against white applicants. This is an odd use of the DOJ’s Civil Rights Division, which was designed to address issues faced by minority groups in the United States.

Many have also pointed out the irony of the Trump Administration’s crusade against affirmative action:

The people who hate affirmative action because its ‘unfair’ are gonna be really mad when they find out how rich kids get into elite schools

— Ayatollah Cumonme (@Phonycian) August 2, 2017

The last time the Supreme Court ruled on affirmative action policies was in 2016, affirming the University of Texas’ admissions policy was constitutional after white student Abigail Fisher sued the university. But that hasn’t stopped additional cases from moving forward. Two more, one against Harvard and one against the University of North Carolina, are pending. Unlike the Texas case, they both allege discrimination against African-American students.

Anneliese Mahoney

Anneliese Mahoney is Managing Editor at Law Street and a Connecticut transplant to Washington D.C. She has a Bachelor’s degree in International Affairs from the George Washington University, and a passion for law, politics, and social issues. Contact Anneliese at amahoney@LawStreetMedia.com.

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The French government announced on Tuesday that parents will be legally obligated to vaccinate their children starting in 2018.

Currently, French law makes vaccines for three diseases mandatory–diphtheria, tetanus, and polio–while the rest, including vaccines for hepatitis and whooping cough, are only recommended. This change will make all 11 vaccines that are universally recommended by health authorities compulsory.

France has fallen victim to a measles outbreak that the World Health Organization has warned will sweep across Europe. There were 79 cases of measles reported in January and February alone, mostly due to an outbreak of 50 cases in the north-eastern Lorraine region, according to the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. From 2008 to 2016, more than 24,000 cases of measles were found in France, according to the country’s public health authority. Approximately 1,500 of those cases involved serious complications and 10 people died.

Other European countries have enacted compulsory vaccination measures to combat declining immunization rates. Italy–where cases of measles rose more than five-fold in April relative to the same month last year–recently made 12 vaccines mandatory for children attending school up to age 16 and banned all non-vaccinated children from attending state schools. Beatrice Lorenzin, the Italian health minister, said the legislation was in response to “an emergency generated by fake news.”

The “fake news” that Lorenzin refers to is misinformation about vaccinations. Italy’s populist Five Star Movement was recently blamed for the outbreak of measles cases in the country because of its outspoken opposition to vaccines. Even as recently as 2012, a court in Rimini awarded damages to a family claiming its son had become autistic because of vaccines, though the decision was eventually overturned on appeal. A recent survey even found that more than three in 10 French citizens don’t trust vaccines, and only 52 percent of those vaccinated said the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks.

Fears surrounding vaccines are typically linked to a discredited study by disgraced former doctor Andrew Wakefield, who claimed to show a link between the inoculation and autism. In the United States, for example, these fears still persist. A 2015 Gallup poll found that 6 percent of Americans believe vaccines cause autism and that the number of people who believe it is “extremely important” to vaccinate their kids has gone down 10 percentage points over the last 14 years.

Recent attempts to put compulsory vaccination into law are the latest developments in what has been a longstanding campaign. In the 20th century, many countries enacted such measures as the first few vaccines became available to the public. In 1905, the Supreme Court ruled in Jacobson v. Massachusetts that states could compel vaccination for the “common good.” At the same time, Brazil attempted to enforce compulsory vaccination laws that allowed government workers to force vaccination on citizens in lower income areas of Rio de Janeiro, which ultimately led to the Vaccine Revolt.

Gabe Fernandez

Gabe is an editorial intern at Law Street. He is a Peruvian-American Senior at the University of Maryland pursuing a double degree in Multiplatform Journalism and Marketing. In his free time, he can be found photographing concerts, running around the city, and supporting Manchester United. Contact Gabe at Staff@LawStreetMedia.com.

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Fall has started and along with it comes several long-anticipated events like football season, changing weather, and Thanksgiving. But there’s something else associated with this time of year that no one is looking forward to–flu season. Despite being seemingly innocuous, the flu is one of the greatest scourges in the history of mankind and is still a potent killer. It has also given rise to a billion dollar vaccine industry bent on stopping it.

Read on to find out more about the history of the flu, the flu vaccine, and the business that it has spawned.

The History of the Flu

Human beings have been victims of the flu or influenza for as many as 6,000 years. While no precise date is readily available, it is believed that once humans started to domesticate animals they also started acquiring the flu from them, as many animal species carry flu strains. The name “influenza” originated in eighteenth century Italy where its outbreak was blamed on poor air quality.

Although the existence of the flu has been known for centuries, it is only within the last hundred years that it has been clearly identified. In 1918, a veterinarian actually discovered that a disease found in pigs was similar to one found in humans. In 1928 other researchers proved, through experiments on pigs as well, that the mysterious killer influenza was actually caused by a virus. Still, it was not until 1933 that scientists finally identified the specific virus that caused influenza.

The video below gives an overview of the history of the flu:

Types of Flu

Although the flu is commonly referred to as a monolithic thing, it is actually a combination of related viruses. There are two main types of flu virus: H-types and N-types. These letters correspond with genetic markers for two glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), which are the antigens the host of the virus develops an immunity to. Along with these are three major strains: A, B, and C. The A strain is the one that causes major outbreaks that lead to widespread deaths. There is also a D strain, which primarily infects cattle and is not known to harm humans.

The reason why the flu is so deadly is because of its genetic makeup. Since the genetic code of the influenza virus is made of RNA and not DNA, the viruses replicate very quickly and are more prone to mutations. Thus, viruses can change numerous times before a human, for example, can even build up an immunity to the original virus. This is done through two processes. The first is called antigenic drift, and it occurs when mutations change the virus over time eventually making it so immune systems can no longer recognize it. The second is called antigenetic shift, which involves a dramatic change in the composition of the virus, like combining with an animal subtype, which is often the process that leads to pandemics.

The flu generally hits elderly people, those with asthma, pregnant women, and children the hardest. For anyone who has had the flu before, the symptoms are familiar: fever, chills, coughing, sore throat, achiness, headaches, fatigue, vomiting, and diarrhea. The virus is usually transmitted through the air via respiratory droplets, but can also move through physical contact. Some people who get the flu are asymptomatic meaning, while they have the flu, they do not experience the typical symptoms, yet can still get others sick. The flu also triggers several related complications including, pneumonia and sinus and ear infections. It can worsen existing medical conditions such as chronic pulmonary diseases, or cause heart inflammation.

Deadliest Strains

While the flu is perceived as commonplace and not particularly dangerous today, it is still one of the deadliest viruses in human history. During the 16th and 18th centuries, there were a number of massive and deadly outbreaks. Since 1900 there have been four major flu pandemics. The Asian flu lasted from 1957-1958 and killed one to four million people. The Hong Kong flu circulated from 1967-1968 and killed one million people. The third was the Swine flu, or H1N1, which broke out in 2009. The greatest outbreak by far, though, was the Spanish flu that broke out in 1918, right on the heels of World War I. The epidemic killed as many as 50 million people worldwide, more than the war itself.

The accompanying video looks at the deadly 1918 pandemic:

Aside from these major outbreaks, the flu remains a virulent threat. Although it is hard to pinpoint exactly how many people die each year from the flu, the CDC estimates that more than 55,000 people died from influenza and pneumonia in 2015. But that is an estimate and the numbers often vary. An earlier estimate for the flu alone, by the CDC, put the yearly average somewhere between 23,000 and 33,000. The discrepancy is caused by outliers in yearly totals and different strains that respond to the flu vaccine differently.

The Flu Vaccine

If someone catches the flu there is little that can be done for them. Infected people can take over-the-counter remedies and in certain cases can even be prescribed antiviral medications, although many strains of the virus have grown immune to such treatments. Generally, the only way to consistently ward off the flu is by trying to prevent it in the first place with a flu vaccine.

Developing the flu shot has been a long process and one that is still in progress. The first step was on the heels of two important discoveries–scientists managed to grow the flu virus in eggs for the first time in 1931 and were able to isolate the virus itself in 1933. While Louis Pasteur was the first to actually attempt to make a flu vaccine, it was a Soviet researcher in 1936 who developed the first prototype. While this vaccine was used in the former USSR for 50 more years, it had the drawback of using a live strain of the flu.

However, scientists quickly overcame this by finding a new source of the dead, “inactivated” virus to use in vaccines instead. In 1940 a new problem arose as a second strain of the flu was discovered, leading to the bivalent vaccine in 1942, which targeted one A and B strain. The next major step in the development process occurred in 2007 when the source of the virus for vaccines moved from hen eggs to cell cultures, making reproduction and sterilization easier.

On top of the bivalent vaccine, trivalent and quadrivalent vaccines were developed, containing multiple A and B strains. Vaccines typically change each year because the virus itself mutates from season to season, often making old vaccines ineffective. Strains of the virus are actually monitored all year long, with the Northern Hemisphere monitoring what is circulating in the South and vice versa. When the prevailing strains are identified, a vaccine is tailored to them. Additional vaccines with other strains can also be created in emergencies. This system came about as a result of a WHO recommendation in 1973. Since 1999 WHO has issued two sets of vaccine recommendations each year, one for the Northern Hemisphere in February and one for the Southern Hemisphere in September.

The video below explains how the flu shot works:

The Business Side

Developing a flu vaccine and then redeveloping it each year to fight the different strains of the flu virus has been a long and arduous task. An estimated 171 to 179 million doses of the vaccine were created for the United States in 2015 alone. That amounts to a $1.61 billion industry in the United States and roughly a $4 billion one worldwide.

With an industry this large, it is fair to ask whether the pursuit of profits has overwhelmed the pursuit of health. Roughly 44 percent of Americans received the vaccine in 2015 and the shot is considered the best way to fight the flu. But because of the difficulty of matching the vaccine to the dominant strains, it is only 50 to 60 percent effective. Furthermore, there are different types of vaccines sold depending on how many strains the shot will protect against.

Conclusion

Each year, millions of people are infected with the flu and thousands or even tens of thousands die. It took centuries to identify the virus and much of what we know about the virus was discovered in the last hundred years. Given the nature of the virus and the rate at which it mutates, vaccines often have a hard time keeping up. The international community has developed a sophisticated monitoring system to identify and track new strains of the virus to ensure that vaccines are as effective as possible. But because of the frequent changes, new vaccines must be developed each year, prompting the development of a substantial industry.

Resources

CDC: Deaths and Mortality

CDC: Seasonal Influenza, More Information

WHO: Influenza: Surveillance and Monitoring

NPR: How Many People Die From Flu Each Year? Depends How You Slice The Data

Medical Ecology: Influenza

CNN: Getting a Flu Shot? It may be Better to Wait

The History of Vaccines: Influenza

Medscape: The Evolving History of Influenza Viruses and Influenza Vaccines

CNBC: The $1.6 billion Business of the Flu

Flucelvax: History of the Flu Virus and Influenza Vaccination

Michael Sliwinski

Michael Sliwinski (@MoneyMike4289) is a 2011 graduate of Ohio University in Athens with a Bachelor’s in History, as well as a 2014 graduate of the University of Georgia with a Master’s in International Policy. In his free time he enjoys writing, reading, and outdoor activites, particularly basketball. Contact Michael at staff@LawStreetMedia.com.

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In an interesting twist of events on Saturday, Robert De Niro, Tribeca Film Festival’s co-founder, decided to pull controversial documentary, Vaxxed: From Cover-Up To Catastrophe, that accuses the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of covering up the link between vaccines and autism. He initially defended the screening just one day before.

De Niro issued a statement discussing his decision to pull the film:

“My intent in screening this film was to provide an opportunity for conversation around an issue that is deeply personal to me and my family. But after reviewing it over the past few days with the Tribeca Film Festival team and others from the scientific community, we do not believe it contributes to or furthers the discussion I had hoped for.” 

The film’s Director Andrew Wakefield, and producer Del Bigtree said:

“Robert De Niro’s original defense of the film happened Friday after a one-hour conversation between De Niro and Bill Posey, the congressman who has interacted directly and at length with the CDC Whistleblower (William Thompson) and whose team has scrutinized the documents that prove fraud at the CDC.”

The issue at hand here is whether or not De Niro is simply censoring another opinion because it is different than his. Those opposed to the decision argue that it is censorship and believe that this is just another way the media wants to shut down unpopular opinions.

Wakefield, an anti-vaccine advocate and former gastroenterologist (his license has since been revoked by Britain’s General Medical Council, according to CBS News), was the author of a widely discounted study published in the Lancet medical journal in 1998 but was retracted in 2010. The study claimed there was a link between the MMR vaccine and the development of autism, but many organizations, such as the CDC and WHO, have since discredited the claim.

However, where do we draw the line between censorship and saying that these ideas are false and there is no reason to give them validity?

What it comes down to is whether or not the opinions being shared hold some sort of validity, because if it doesn’t, then it is probably wrong. Yet, we find that people still hold these beliefs, and begin to pass them off as true.

If the science says you’re wrong, there is no point to screening this film because the discussion is already over. Would it make sense to show a conspiracy theory documentary about 9/11 or The Holocaust? No, because the discussion is over and there is no reason to argue in circles with someone who believes, despite all evidence, that they are correct.

An open discussion of opinions is a valuable tool for gaining a comprehensive understanding of an issue. However, when some opinions are simply not valid, it gives off a sense of balance in the ideas, which leads to the balance fallacy. This is an issue that reporters face every day–do we give equal weight to both sides as we are taught, even if one side is more valid than another? An example of this is the coverage of climate change. If both sides are given equal weight in a story, this may lead to a false understanding by the public that discounted claims are well supported by professionals or experts in their respective fields.

An example of this is the coverage of climate change. If both sides are given equal weight in a story, that may lead to a false understanding by the public that discounted claims are well-supported by professionals or experts in their respective fields.

The Toronto Star’s Vinay Menon put it well saying:

“This isn’t about free speech. It’s about costly ignorance. It’s about living at a time when diseases like measles were close to eradicated from much of the developed world and then returned. It’s about knowing when a “conversation” is called for and when there is nothing left to say. It’s about drawing a line between bad science and dangerous science.”

Ultimately, the decision to keep “Vaxxed” from the big screen was a wise one.

Julia Bryant

Julia Bryant is an Editorial Senior Fellow at Law Street from Howard County, Maryland. She is a junior at the University of Maryland, College Park, pursuing a Bachelor’s degree in Journalism and Economics. You can contact Julia at JBryant@LawStreetMedia.com.

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The Twittersphere was treated to a particularly strange dose of conspiracy theory nuttiness this week when rapper B.oB. went head-to-head with famed scientist Neil DeGrasse Tyson over whether or not the earth is flat. Fellow Law Streeter Alexis Evans published an excellent rundown of the bizarre feud on Tuesday, but it got me thinking: why do so many seemingly insane conspiracy theories exist? After all, we all know that the earth is round, and vaccines don’t cause autism, and that Elvis Presley is probably dead. But then, some conspiracy theories do kind of turn out to true–take, for example, the NSA spying on Americans. So, how do we separate the crazy from the not-so-crazy? Turns out University of Oxford postdoctoral research associate David Robert Grimes has figured out a way, by determining how long it would take conspiracy theories to be debunked.

Grimes essentially set out to answer a simple question: how long would it take for the truth to come out about a conspiracy theory? In order to test the equation he developed, Grimes looked at three conspiracy theories that have turned out to be true, and compared them to four other long-standing theories, in an attempt to figure out how long it would have taken those theories to be debunked, whether intentionally or accidentally.

The three “true” conspiracy theories that Grimes looked at were:

• The NSA’s spying program, which whistle-blower Edward Snowden released information about in 2013.
• The Tuskegee syphilis experiment, a horrifying “clinical study” that involved researchers essentially experimenting on and withholding treatment from 600 African-American male participants.
• The FBI’s use of questionable techniques and pseudo-science in sworn testimony, particularly involving the FBI’s microscopic hair comparison unit, that led to hundreds of wrongful convictions.

According to Grimes, these conspiracy theories were exposed in six years, 25 years, and six years respectively. Grimes’ equation takes into account conditions like how many people would have to be involved in each coverup and the amount of effort the coverups would require. So he was able to mathematically calculate how long it should take a secret to be exposed–whether from a whistle-blower’s actions or accidentally.

Using that calculation, he was able to determine how long it would take four popular conspiracy theories to have been debunked:

• NASA faking the moon landing would have been uncovered in four years.
• Climate change, if only concealed by climate scientists, would have taken 27 years to be debunked. But, if you involved scientific bodies and agencies, the possible cover up time drops to under four years.
• The conspiracy theory that vaccines aren’t safe would take just over three years if drug companies were involved, but much longer (35 years) if it was limited to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization.
• If pharmaceutical companies knew how to cure cancer but were withholding those cures from the public, we would have found out in a little over three years.

According to Think Progress’s Lauren C. Williams:

For a conspiracy to last five years, just over 2,500 people could actively know the truth before it’s revealed. Fewer than 1,000 people can know about it to keep the conspiracy alive for 10 years, and only 125 people could be involved to keep a conspiracy going for a century, the study found.

So, is the world flat? Well, we already know it’s not, but now here’s proof that if it is, it defies what science tells us in more ways than one.

Anneliese Mahoney

Anneliese Mahoney is Managing Editor at Law Street and a Connecticut transplant to Washington D.C. She has a Bachelor’s degree in International Affairs from the George Washington University, and a passion for law, politics, and social issues. Contact Anneliese at amahoney@LawStreetMedia.com.

The post The Earth isn’t Flat: The Science of Waiting Out Conspiracy Theories appeared first on Law Street.

West Coast anti-vaxxers beware! After an initial voting delay, a California Senate committee overwhelmingly approved a bill Wednesday that will require schoolchildren in the state to be vaccinated.

According to the Herald, the Senate Education Committee voted 7-2 on the bill proposed by Senator Richard Pan, a Democratic pediatrician from Sacramento. It’s now being passed along to the Senate Judiciary Committee for a hearing next week that will surely be part of a drawn out legislative process.

Lawmakers had reportedly delayed a vote on the bill last week after some on the Education Committee worried it would potentially deprive unvaccinated children of an adequate education.

Pan’s proposal is one of many national vaccination initiatives that were born out of the Disneyland measles outbreak, which sickened more than 100 people in both the U.S. and Mexico. Presently, parents who are opposed to vaccinating their children can abstain by obtaining exemptions for “personal-belief and religious” reasons. Pan’s bill would prevent children with these kind of exemptions from being able to attend public or private schools. Only children with health problems would be allowed to obtain exemptive medical waivers.

Democratic Senator Ben Allen of Santa Monica helped Pan craft amendments to the bill which expand the home schooling and independent study programs available to children who are not vaccinated and therefore cannot go to public or private schools. Allen told the Sacramento Bee,

While this bill won’t reach everyone, it will increase everyone’s safety against vaccine-preventable diseases. We think we’ve struck a fair balance here that provides more options to parents who are concerned about not vaccinating.

The bill’s amendments would allow unvaccinated children to still be able to get an education through “private home schools that cover multiple families or through independent study programs that are overseen by school districts and given access to public school curricula.” According to the Bee, in the bill’s former version only those serving a single family or household had qualified.

Opponents of the vaccine bill are already vowing to continue their fight against the bill. Jean Keese, a spokeswoman for the California Coalition for Health Choice said,

We will continue to show our strength, and we will continue to educate lawmakers and the public about why this is a bad bill.

These individuals who oppose mandatory vaccinations, sometimes nicknamed “anti-vaxxers,” often have the belief that modern vaccination methods cause a wide range of health problems, despite evidence to this effect being debunked by both medical and scientific experts and dubbed a pseudoscience.

If approved by the Senate Judiciary Committee, this bill would provide peace of mind to concerned parents in the state who are fearful of another large-scale outbreak like Disney’s potentially affecting their children. However official approval of the bill will likely be unsuccessful in squashing all anti-vaccination efforts.

Alexis Evans

Alexis Evans is an Assistant Editor at Law Street and a Buckeye State native. She has a Bachelor’s Degree in Journalism and a minor in Business from Ohio University. Contact Alexis at aevans@LawStreetMedia.com.

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In recent years, an increasing number of parents decided not to vaccinate their children for a number of diseases. Vaccinations are largely heralded as one of the most effective instruments for public health. Measles, declared eliminated in the United States in 2000, is now back in full force primarily due to lack of vaccination. Here’s what you need to know about the controversy surrounding vaccines, preventable diseases, and what more can be done.

Why are we worried about measles?

It’s true, those pesky measles are back. That contagious respiratory disease characterized by a fever, runny nose, cough, and itchy rash is once more making its way through towns in the United States. Most cases result from foreigners traveling to the United States infecting those who are not vaccinated. In the decade before the measles vaccine was introduced, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported an estimated 3 to 4 million people contracted measles each year. The disease caused many cases of chronic disability, hospitalization, and even death. Before the vaccine, the virus affected more than 95 percent of children. Measles kill approximately one in every 1000 cases. About 30 percent of cases develop further complications, including pneumonia, ear infections, or diarrhea. The vaccine for measles, commonly known as the vaccine for Measles Mumps and Rubella (MMR) was introduced in 1967. Following a large measles outbreak from 1989 to 1991, Congress instituted the Vaccines for Children Program to increase vaccination rates. Following, cases of measles rapidly fell. The recent return of measles has largely been blamed on the anti-vaccination movement. Watch below for an overview of the benefits of vaccines:

Why don’t parents want to vaccinate their kids?

Parents are hesitant to trust the government or pharmaceutical companies and have a number of concerns in allowing their children to be vaccinated. The anti-vaccination push began following a 1998 study by researcher Andrew Wakefield in the British journal, The Lancet. The study declared a link between the MMR vaccine and autism. However, the article has since been widely discredited in the scientific community due to conflicts of interest and manipulated evidence. The paper was retracted in 2010 and Wakefield lost his medical license. Despite the following events, many parents are still concerned that the MMR vaccine will cause autism. Watch below for some debate of the study:

Beyond this, the anti-vaccine movement has continued to gain traction for a variety of reasons:

Celebrity Support

Actress, model, and “The View” host Jenny McCarthy has been a vocal opponent of vaccination. McCarthy claims the vaccines have toxins that are generally unsafe, especially as the amount of required vaccines has increased. Scientists point out that vaccines contain a much less amount of toxins than other foods. Other opponents of vaccination include actor Aidan Quinn, who connects his daughter’s autism with the MMR vaccine, and reality star Kristin Cavallari, who opposes the vaccination of her children. Listen to Jenny McCarthy discuss autism and vaccination:

“Vaccine Load”

Some parents are worried about vaccine load, where the child’s immune system may not be able to handle multiple shots at one time. Children now receive up to 28 shots by age 2. Several studies show receiving multiple vaccines on the same day is not associated with increased chances of autism. Further, while the number of vaccines given to children has increased in recent years, the amount of main ingredients in vaccines has decreased. Worries of vaccine load mean many children are not vaccinated in a timely manner. The claim is also made that vaccines cause a permanently depressed immune system. Instead of vaccination, children should be allowed to build up natural immunity over time.

Mercury

Concerned parents cite the mercury-based preservative thimerosal in vaccinations as a cause of potential brain damage. Government officials have deemed thimerosal safe and found no evidence of harm. However, by taking the voluntary precaution to phase the compound out of vaccinations in 1999, the CDC instilled a greater fear of vaccinations.

Religion

Others object to vaccination solely on a religious basis. They claim vaccination interferes with natural law and God’s plan. Others believe the body is sacred and should not receive certain chemicals, blood, and tissue from animals.

Don’t parents have to vaccinate their kids?

In most cases, for a child to attend public school they must have certain vaccinations. However, some states allow exemptions for those with religious or even philosophical opposition to vaccinations. Private schools do not have the same mandate as public schools. Therefore,private schools vaccination rates are as low as 20 percent. The vast majority of parents vaccinate. According to USA Today, vaccination rates for all diseases are about 90 percent, and fewer than one percent  of Americans forgo all vaccinations. However, exemption rates from 2006 to 2011 doubled. Since states have different policies, vaccination rates are not geographically uniform. This leads to outbreaks only in specific areas.

All states allow vaccination exemptions for medical reasons. Nineteen states allow philosophical exemptions for vaccinations. In states with philosophical exemptions like Idaho, Michigan, and Vermont, more than 4.5 percent of kindergarteners last year were unvaccinated for non-medical reasons. These rates are four times the national average and are potential hotspots for outbreaks. Mississippi and West Virginia are the only states to not allow religious exemptions.  So far,  those states have not seen any disease outbreaks. A federal judge recently upheld a New York City policy that unvaccinated students are not allowed to attend school when another student has a vaccine-preventable illness. Ultimately the right to forgo vaccination for religious reasons doesn’t trump the fear that unvaccinated students may contract and spread the disease.

Until 2011, parents in Washington could opt out of vaccinating children simply by signing a form. This system meant up to a quarter of kids in some counties opted out of vaccinations. States that allow non-medical exemptions have seen more parents forgo their children’s vaccines. From 2000 to 2010, non-medical exemptions in California tripled. Watch for a description of a recent measles outbreak:

Has lack of vaccination led to more cases of disease?

The overwhelming majority of current measles infections occur in unvaccinated people. From the beginning of 2014 to June 20, 2014, the CDC declared 514 cases of measles and approximately 16 outbreaks, the most since 1996. Half of these casesare adults age 20 and over. Following a widespread measles outbreak in San Diego in 2008, roughly one in five children were not vaccinated against the disease. Even last year in California, USA Today reported 14,921 children were not vaccinated for philosophical reasons. In Colorado four percent of kindergarteners did not have shots for non-medical reasons. Watch below for information on the recent measles outbreak:

Another vaccine-preventable disease, pertussis, or whooping cough, increased considerably in recent years. In 2012, a fifty-year high of almost 50,000 cases of whooping cough were reported, a stark contrast from the 1980s and early 1990s when rates hovered around 5,000. Through June 16, 2014, almost 10,000 cases of whooping cough were reported, which is a 24 percent increase when compared with the same period in 2013. This is attributed to the anti-vaccination movement as well as weakened antibodies which wane as a person ages.

Should I be worried?

If you are vaccinated and your shots are up to date, probably not. The most vulnerable are infants who are too young to be vaccinated and the elderly who may not have proper boosters. The effects of vaccination deteriorate over time, so adults who have not gotten booster shots can still contract the disease from an unvaccinated person. Unvaccinated people may not even know if they are carrying a disease like measles, but they can still contagious before any symptoms arrive. A recent case study of an individual dubbed “Measles Mary” has even shown it is possible for a vaccinated person to contract measles and then unwittingly pass the disease on to others.

A recent study by the CDC showed routine childhood vaccinations given between 1994 and 2013 will save 732,000 lives while preventing 322 million cases of illness and 21 million hospitalizations over the course of the children’s lifetimes. According to the Washington Post, every $1 spent on vaccines provides $10 benefit to society.

Medical experts agree proper vaccination is extremely important. Having more people vaccinated makes it less likely that anyone in the community will get a disease, a phenomenon known as “herd immunity.” Aiming for vaccination rates higher than 90 percent can help protect the most vulnerable, especially infants who are too young to be vaccinated. Most officials think the best strategy to increase vaccination is a tireless public education campaign to dispel rumors regarding the danger of vaccines. Watch a video below aimed at educating parents:

 Resources

Primary

CDC: Measles Cases and Outbreaks

CDC: Pertussis Outbreak Trends

CDC: Benefits from Immunization During the VCP Era

CDC: Highest Number of U.S. Measles Cases Since 2000

CDC: Measles Vaccination

FDA: Thimerosal in Vaccines

Additional

USA Today: Anti-Vaccine Movement is Giving Diseases a 2nd Life

Newsweek: Anti-Vaccination Movement Strikes Out in Bible Belt States

Washington Post: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement is Endangering Lives

Time: Parents not Vaccinating Kids Contributed to Whooping Cough

Week: The Worrying Rise of the Anti-Vaccination Movement

National Vaccine Information Center: State Law and Vaccine Requirements

Washington Post: Measles Cases are Spreading, Despite High Vaccination Rates

Science: Measles Outbreak Traced to Fully Vaccinated Patient for the First Time

NCSL: Immunization Policy Issues Overview

The New York Times: Judge Upholds Policy Barring Unvaccinated Students

History of Vaccines: Cultural Perspectives on Vaccination

Alexandra Stembaugh

Alexandra Stembaugh graduated from the University of Notre Dame studying Economics and English. She plans to go on to law school in the future. Her interests include economic policy, criminal justice, and political dramas. Contact Alexandra at staff@LawStreetMedia.com.

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